It is an inflammatory condition of the cornea - the transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris and pupil - which is usually bilateral and progressive. An immune system flaw is suspected, meaning that the dog's immune system, which normally fights infections, is abnormal and begins to attack and reject normal cells of the cornea.
Image on anatomical cut of the dog's eye:
Which breeds are affected?
German Shepherds are the most commonly affected breed, though it can be seen in other breeds too, especially:
- Belgian Tervurens,
- Greyhounds,
- Siberian Huskies,
- Australian Shepherds,
- Border Collies.
Sporadically, the condition has also been described in other breeds like the Dachshund.
What signs are observed in chronic superficial keratitis?
Signs which might be noted by an owner are a brownish-red and uneven appearance of the normally smooth and transparent corneas. Most of the time, the lower, outer region of the eye is affected first, but the whole cornea may be affected in severe cases causing visual impairment.
Pigmentation (with melanin) and vascularization of the cornea (extension of blood vessels onto the cornea) are common sequelae, which result in clouding of the cornea...
This disease is usually not painful, and can usually be controlled with medication, but if left untreated, it can lead to blindness through the development of increased cloudiness and scar tissue.
Animation of the progression of the disease:
Image of a dog crossed shepherd reached keratitis:
What is the treatment of chronic superficial keratitis?
Generally, the application of drops containing corticosteroids to reduce /suppress the immune system and resulting inflammation on the surface of the eye is satisfactory. Sometimes more powerful immunomodulating drugs such as Cyclosporine are used.
In the most severe cases where vision is compromised because of the pigmentation and scarring, surgery to remove the layers of the damaged cornea may be necessary.
Sunlight exacerbates the progress of the disease. Owners should expect to administer drops more frequently during the summer months or at high altitudes. Any way to limit sun exposure can help. Some owners have even tried to get sunglasses adapted to dogs!
How frequently does my dog need to be checked by the ophthalmologist?
Dogs with Pannus should be evaluated 2-3 times a year to ensure that the disease is under control and to adjust medication if needed. Ideally, a review should take place during the summer months.
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